(UHe&+IW6rQIG nD!? Polym. Proven ability to identify and interpret a. All environmental data were gathered from experiments, literature, or the ecoinvent database (version 3.5)51, and implemented in SimaPro v. 9.0.0.4850, as described in detail within the Supporting Information (Supplementary Information pgs S36S41). Pract. Plots of weight-average molar mass (Mw) versus time and maximum specific energy (wmax) for sonicating PAAP&G at a 2.5% w/v and b 5.0% w/v. Managed the strategic partnerships with: Microsoft, Nokia, and NavTech. Preprint at medRxiv https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.03.02.21252772 (2021). 2U19AI089681-08). 5, 501516 (2020). Chem. 3a). For example, the 1918 influenza pandemic was estimated to have reduced e0 in the United States by 712 years7. We made the assumption of proportionality between forces of decrement from cause i (or all causes except i) and the force of decrement from all other causes combined8,45. LIFE-2021-SAP-NAT-GOV - Nature Governance - Standard Action Projects (SAP) I progetti relativi a questa call devono essere orientati verso la garanzia di conformit alla legislazione dell'UE in materia di natura e biodiversit e l'accesso alla giustizia mediante: Andrady, A. L. Inqurito Nacional sobre Insegurana Alimentar no Contexto da Pandemia da Covid-19 no Brasil. Given multiple AIG Prestige, AIG EVP Quest and Citi E-Thank You awards for exceeding process target and providing continued assistance to the team.<br><br>SKILLS <br> Experienced in Master Data . 10, 48754880 (2019). Lancet 396, 367368 (2020). Super absorbent polymer (SAP) marketGlobal industry analysis, size and forecast. D.I.C., M.I.J., and E.N.G.M. In contrast, when acetic acid was reacted with ethanol/water, the conversion was only 68%. Res. The data required to reproduce the results presented in this paper are available at https://github.com/mcastrolab/Brazil-Covid19-e0-change/tree/main/data. Further information on research design is available in the Nature Research Reporting Summary linked to this article. The COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil: analysis of supply and demand of hospital and ICU beds and mechanical ventilators under different scenarios. Life cycle assessments (LCA) were performed to assess the cumulative energetic and environmental impacts of producing 1kg of adhesive via our open-loop recycling method. Specifically, using a 2 or 3 step synthetic process, the sodium polyacrylate is converted into a pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA), which has a significant global market (expected to be $13 billion by 2023) (https://www.alliedmarketresearch.com/pressure-sensitive-adhesives-market). Reduction in life expectancy in Brazil after COVID-19. https://virological.org/t/first-reported-cases-of-sars-cov-2-sub-lineage-b-1-617-2-in-brazil-an-outbreak-in-a-ship-and-alert-for-spread/706 (2021). 34, 189200 (1991). 166, 108304 (2020). As with 2020, for both e0 and e65, the lowest declines in 2021 were concentrated in the Northeast, whereas the South, which had relatively smaller declines in 2020, is estimated to have a much greater loss in 2021. Int. Process Saf. Lpine, L. & Gilbert, R. Thermal degradation of polyacrylic acid in dilute aqueous solution. Reaction conditions and yields for acid-catalyzed esterification of poly(acrylic acid), acetic acid, and undecanoic acid. 1 0 obj 6, 35893595 (2018). Google Scholar. Defined and directed strategic marketing and go-to-market plans. | Saiba mais sobre as conexes, experincia profissional, formao . Projects focussing exclusively on governance are excluded from this Call topic and covered by the related Call topic LIFE-2021-SAP-NAT-GOV. Google Scholar. 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In any recycling effort, it is essential that a life cycle assessment27 is performed to determine the energy and environmental costs. ISSN 1078-8956 (print). Mater. ISSN 1546-170X (online) 6-month consequences of COVID-19 in patients discharged from hospital: a cohort study. Larger relative femalemale gaps were estimated for e65an increase of 16.3% in 2020 in Brazil and a 107% increase in 2020 in Amap. To avoid inconsistencies between life tables estimated for 2019 and 2020, we applied the same methodology to 2019. We also thank Prof. Charlie Brooks for providing GPU computing resources. Marcia C. Castro. 4: COVID-19 mortality in 2021 and changes in life expectancy by state and sex. Peer review information Nature Medicine thanks Pedro Hallal, Usama Bilal and Vladimir Canudas Romo for their contribution to the peer review of this work. Sci. Preparation of pressure sensitive adhesives from post-consumer superabsorbent polymers. The dataset provides the age and sex structure of hospitalized COVID-19 deaths, and frequent updates are made publicly available by the Ministry of Health (https://opendatasus.saude.gov.br/nl/dataset). Surprisingly, even when excess H2O was intentionally added (3 equiv), high conversions were still observed (Supplementary Information pgs S15S16). Teikti paraik ia. Article We compared the gap in life expectancy between males and females in the period life tables constructed for 2019 and 2020 (Methods). For example, high degrees of esterification were observed via 1H NMR spectroscopy when using only 5 equiv. Chemically recyclable polymers: a circular economy approach to sustainability. Also in May 2021, the first case of the Delta variant (B.1.617.2), first detected in India, was reported in Brazil26. However, this process utilizes expensive solvents (dimethylsulfoxide or dimethylformamide) and stoichiometric quantities of base (tetramethylguanidine), both of which would likely be too costly for large-scale recycling of waste superabsorbent materials. Similarly to Brazil, many other countries in Latin America experienced a relatively fast pace of mortality improvement during this period, benefitting from the public health and medical progress of their forerunners9,11. To probe whether the hydrophobic side chains also push the equilibrium towards esterification, atomistic simulations were used (Supplementary Information pgs S27S29)46,47. et al. These records, aggregated at the state level, are publicly available by date on the website (https://brasil.io/covid19/). Chem. Huang, C. et al. The autonomous nature of this role allows for providers to own the patient's quality of care and allows for collaboration with attending physicians and other providers at the facility with the. & Bowe, B. High-dimensional characterization of post-acute sequelae of COVID-19. Effect of socioeconomic inequalities and vulnerabilities on health-system preparedness and response to COVID-19 in Brazil: a comprehensive analysis. Researchers investigate what COVID-19 does to the heart. U.S. Patent Application 2021/0054248 A1 (Februrary 25, 2021). First, as our main specification, we constructed period life tables that considered deaths by state, sex and age group. When intense shocks like a pandemic or war occur, life expectancy drops, but it often rebounds quickly. 1). and S.K. Numbers above 100 indicate more deaths in 2021 than 2020. Recycling methods that utilize these waste polymers could attenuate their environmental impact. LIFE-2021-SAP-NAT-NATURE General Information Projects should fall under at least one of the two areas of intervention: Intervention area: "Space for Nature" Any project aimed at improving the condition of species or habitats through areabased conservation or restoration measures falls within the eligible scope of the intervention area . Following multiple decrement life table methods previously used to measure the effect of COVID-19 on life expectancy8,16,17, we calculated two additional sets of estimates of life expectancy decline: (1) the difference between 2020 life expectancy estimated above and a scenario in which COVID-19 mortality has been eliminated from 2020 (DT20; Supplementary Tables 3 and 4 and Methods); and (2) the difference between 2019 life expectancy estimated from 2019 death records and a scenario in which 2019 all-cause mortality has been inflated to include COVID-19 mortality (DT19; Supplementary Tables 5 and 6 and Methods). A new variant of concern (P.1, now called Gamma), which emerged in the city in November 2020, is estimated to be 1.42.2 times more transmissible than other lineages, and at least 17% of the P.1 infections in Manaus in 2021 were reinfections23,24. However, this approach can lead to low yields due to competitive ester hydrolysis41,42 and catalyst deactivation by water43. The Guardian. Skilled in Business Planning, Operations Management, Business Intelligence, and Logistics Management. interpreted the data. Il nuovo programma contribuir alla transizione verso un' economia sostenibile, al miglioramento della qualit dell'ambiente e alla tutela della biodiversit. Article Esterification of carboxylic acids with trialkyloxonium salts. Genomics and epidemiology of the P.1 SARS-CoV-2 lineage in Manaus, Brazil. Vaccine 39, 34043409 (2021). PubMed Central Environ. Super absorbent polymer recycling to pressure sensitive adhesives. ADS Coates, G. W. & Getzler, Y. D. Y. L. Chemical recycling to monomer for an ideal, circular polymer economy. Ranzani, O. T. et al. Zekry, M., Nassar, I., Salim, H. & Abdallah, A. Castro, M.C., Gurzenda, S., Turra, C.M. Lancet Glob. The aim of the project is the conservation of Caretta caretta, in the western Mediterranean basin, from threats related to human disturbance in the nesting sites. From an energetic standpoint, the CED is reduced by 18.8% and 18.6% with the sonication scenarios, and further reduced (by 24.8%) in the scenario without sonication. In January 2021, Manaus witnessed one of the most tragic scenarios of overwhelmed hospital capacity, running out of not only hospital beds but also oxygen22. "Environment" area. Trans. Popul. Most consumer PSA-based products are found in either quadrant 3 or the central region (e.g., office tape, sticky notes, bandages, and removable labels), which is signified by low-to-medium G and G. This compromised screening for cancer, with a reduction of about 35% in new diagnoses28. States are colored according to major regions. J. Adhes. Closed-loop chemical recycling via depolymerization to monomer is also not currently feasible for these superabsorbent materials because side-chain degradation outcompetes depolymerization. produced all visualization. Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the end to navigate through each slide. sub-programme "Circular economy and quality of life". Nat Commun 12, 4524 (2021). Sci. M.C.C. Genomics and epidemiology of a novel SARS-CoV-2 lineage in Manaus, Brazil. McNeill, I. C. & Sadeghi, S. M. T. Thermal stability and degradation mechanisms of poly(acrylic acid) and its salts: Part 1-poly(acrylic acid). (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2003). In this study, we used data on reported total deaths in 2020 and in JanuaryApril 2021 to measure and compare the death toll across states. Moreover, mechanical recycling cannot be used with polymers that do not reversibly melt (e.g., crosslinked polymers). Waste Manag. . Natl Acad. T.A., S.G. and S.K. xUmo@G9*R*S[u#>RejBG4aSgcwy2+`p3CJ)i Rio Grande do Sul, in the South, was the only state with an estimated increase in e0 from 2019 to 2020 for both sexes (0.07 years) but a decline for males of 0.11 years. Teikti paraik ia. Phillips, T. Brazil begins parliamentary inquiry into Bolsonaros Covid response. The impact of COVID-19 on people with diabetes in Brazil. Changes in e0 can reflect differences in expected longevity between two periods, such as before versus during a pandemic. Advancing sustainable materials management: 2017 fact sheet. To monitor this process, we measured changes in the complex viscosity over time. Chem. The Guardian. and JavaScript. Chubarova, E. V., Melenevskaya, E. Y. One salient example is the superabsorbent material used in diapers and feminine hygiene products, which contain crosslinked sodium polyacrylates. We did not make any corrections for the under-registration of deaths. To compute the total persons-years lived for 2020, we added the monthly contributions. Liang, L. et al. Brazil has been heavily affected by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). State-level gains in longevity achieved over years or even decades were reversed by the pandemic. J. Marques, N. P. et al. Marinho, F. et al. As of 29 May 2021, the number of COVID-19 deaths in Brazil was 137% of those reported in 2020; in Amazonas, for every COVID-19 death in 2020, there have been 1.5 deaths in 2021. Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter what matters in science, free to your inbox daily. Chem. SAP GUI Scripting Security Guide. Offensive waste valorisation in the UK: assessment of the potentials for absorbent hygiene product (AHP) recycling. For candidates working in person or remotely in the below locations, the salary* range for this specific position is $72,960 to $131,328. Anjeza Beharaj, Ethan Z. McCaslin, Mark W. Grinstaff, Aya Samir, Fatma H. Ashour, Mohamed Bassyouni, Amar K. Mohanty, Feng Wu, Manjusri Misra, Hom N. Sharma, Jeremy M. Lenhardt, Long N. Dinh, Ephraim G. Morado, Mara L. Paterson, Steven C. Zimmerman, Anna M. Duraj-Thatte, Avinash Manjula-Basavanna, Neel S. Joshi, Ainara Sangroniz, Jian-Bo Zhu, Haritz Sardon, Nature Communications A. Proposals under this topic must address EU Nature and Biodiversity legislation compliance assurance and access to justice by:- establishing new or, where in place, enhancing existing cross-border, national or regional networks of compliance assurance practitioners or experts; and/or establishing or, where in place, improving professional The materials, equipment, synthetic methods, as well as all processed data generated in this study are provided in the Supplementary Information file. Simes, C. C. S. Breve histrico do processo demogrfico. Collias, D. I. et al. Blackwhite risk differentials in COVID-19 (SARS-COV2) transmission, mortality and case fatality in the United States: translational epidemiologic perspective and challenges. Acrylic acid and derivatives. d, Number of COVID-19 deaths in 2020 per 100,000 people by state (Methods). Glacial acrylic acid (GAA), methyl acrylate (MA), ethyl acrylate (EA), n-butyl acrylate (BA) and 2-ethylhexyl acrylate (2-EHA). https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/27/brazil-begins-parliamentary-inquiry-into-bolsonaros-covid-response (2021). Tang, H., Luan, Y., Yang, L. & Sun, H. A perspective on reversibility in controlled polymerization systems: recent progress and new opportunities. Chem. The evergreen broadleaved shrubs were shorter in height (3.06 0.99 m) than palm-leaved life forms (19.29 5.39 m). Chiang, C. L. Introduction to Stochastic Processes in Biostatistics (Wiley, 1968). C.M.T. Because in-hospital COVID-19 deaths represent 89% of all COVID-19 deaths reported in 2021, we use them to proxy for the agesex distributions of all COVID-19 deaths. https://www.fatersmart.com/ - (Accessed May 1, 2021). Several provisional patent and patent applications have been filed based on this work. It was here that Sam, my husband, turned to me and said, 'This could . To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Programme: Programme for Environment and Climate Action (LIFE) . Public Health 17, 4322 (2020). La Commissione europea ha pubblicato i primi bandi del programma LIFE 2021-2027 per l' ambiente, il clima e l' energia . May 1998 - Jan 20012 years 9 months. When acetic acid was reacted with 2-ethylhexanol/water, we observed a 94% conversion. Thus, we estimated total deaths in 2021, inclusive of COVID-19 deaths, as \({\,}_nD_x = ({\,}_nK_x - \,_nD_x^{COV})({\,}_n^ \ast M_x) + \,_nD_x^{COV}\), where \({\,}_nD_x\) is the number of deaths estimated to occur in 2021 in the age range x to x + n; \({\,}_nK_x\) is the population at risk in the age range x to x + n; \({\,}_n^ \ast M_x\) are age-specific mortality rates in the absence of COVID-19 (assumed to be 2019 mortality rates); and \({\,}_nD_x^{COV}\) is the number of confirmed COVID-19 deaths. Green. 1b and Supplementary Table 2)5. axL5Bv\cH L(8@#lP&djen$kqbn7GwU$Kn~` d!B"mheQ%$HL3\0(Jqv\s. Single phase. Combined, these data indicate that open-loop recycling of the superabsorbent poly(acrylic acid) to synthesize PSAs is both energetically and environmentally favorable compared to petroleum-derived syntheses in our assessment. Thiounn, T. & Smith, R. C. Advances and approaches for chemical recycling of plastic waste. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-24488-9, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-24488-9. In just the first 4 months of 2021, Brazil surpassed the number of COVID-19 deaths during all of 2020. Polym. http://www.genomahcov.fiocruz.br/tabela-de-dados/ (2021). Brazils unified health system: the first 30 years and prospects for the future. 2. endobj Manaus, the capital of Amazonas, observed a very high attack rate after the first wave of the pandemic in 2020 (ref. Chang noted that most existing PSAs appear between the G and G bounds of 103 and 106 Pascals (Pa) at the aforementioned bounding frequencies, and can be grouped into the quadrants (and central region) highlighted in Fig. Baqui, P., Bica, I., Marra, V., Ercole, A. A large study showed a higher risk of death 6 months after COVID-19 diagnosis, even among those who did not require hospitalization34. Everyone involved in adoptionbirthparents, adoptive parents, adoptees, adoption professionals, and beyonddeserves support when they need it. Lancet 396, 365366 (2020). Nature Governance ID LIFE-2021-SAP-NAT-GOV Types of action LIFE Project Grants Deadline model single-stage Opening date 13 July 2021 Deadline date 30 November 2021 17:00:00 Brussels time Projetos SNAP (os chamados projetos integrados no anterior Regulamento, mas agora especficos <>/Metadata 190 0 R/ViewerPreferences 191 0 R>> Med. We estimated a reduction of 1.31 years in e0 from 2019 to 2020 (Fig. For DT19, nRx is calculated as the ratio of expected deaths in the absence of COVID-19 to expected deaths in the presence of COVID-19. To determine whether the base-mediated or acid-catalyzed pathway was better, the two routes were compared using a cradle-to-product life cycle assessment (LCA, Supplementary Fig. Also, the states with extreme values changed only for e65 for both sexes, with the lowest shifting from Roraima in 2019 to Amazonas in 2020. and JavaScript. Presentation(edition Call 2021- content valid also for call 2022), European Climate Infrastructure and Environment Executive Agency, This site is managed by the European Climate, Infrastructure and Environment Executive Agency, LIFE-2022-SAP-NAT Nature and Biodiversity - Standard Action Projects (SAP), Follow the European Commission on social media, Programme for the Environment and Climate Action (LIFE), European Climate, Infrastructure and Environment Executive Agency, LIFE - Support for applicants (europa.eu). First, differences in these period life expectancies capture both direct and indirect mortality effects of COVID-19 in 2020. Three-quarters attack rate of SARS-CoV-2 in the Brazilian Amazon during a largely unmitigated epidemic. The main results presented in the text are based on differences between the 2019 and 2020 life tables, for two primary reasons. To obtain Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, P. Takunda Chazovachii,Michael T. Robo,E. Neil G. Marsh,Paul M. Zimmerman&Anne J. McNeil, School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, Materials Science InnovationCorporate R&D, The Procter & Gamble Co., West Chester, OH, USA, Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, You can also search for this author in The global annual production of this class of materials is estimated to be over 2 million metric tons, with disposable diapers claiming 74% of the market13. and S.G. conducted data curation. Publishers note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Within the first 15h, we observed a substantial drop (more than two orders of magnitude) in viscosity, after which point no further changes were observed. PubMedGoogle Scholar. A life cycle assessment was used to compare the routes that involved (i) no sonication, (ii) sonication for 1 min (2.5% w/v) and (iii) sonication for 2 min (5.0% w/v), including the workup steps,. Abbasi, J. We found a 15.3% and 15.1% decrease in GWP when replacing the industrial route with either the 1min or 2min sonication scenario, respectively, and an impressive 21.5% decrease when sonication was avoided altogether. 8, 1450414510 (2020). Among the states, the largest setback was estimated for Amazonas and Par (levels of 2006 for both sexes, 2008 and 2010 for females and 2005 and 2002 for males). Error bars are derived from an average of two experiments. As of 25 May 2021, 20 of the 27 capital cities have intensive care unit occupancy above 80% (half of those above 90%)20. Prod. We estimated reductions in e0 and e65 due to COVID-19, for each state and sex, from the difference between the 2020 period life table and the DT20 estimates (Supplementary Tables 3 and 4), between the 2019 period life table and the DT19 estimates for 2020 (Supplementary Tables 5 and 6) and between the 2019 period life table and the DT19 estimates for 2021 (Supplementary Table 11). Fagnani, D. E. et al. are supported by the National Institutes of Health (grant no. Innovation Place, CONNECTING Via Vitaliano Brancati, 48 - 00144 Roma (I) Nat. b, Gap (in years) in state e0 and e65 in 2019 and 2020, calculated as the difference between the largest and smallest life expectancy among states (Methods). The resulting acidic polymer solutions were used directly in the subsequent experiments without any isolation steps. Eng. defined the methodology. 88, 5670 (2019). Prajapat, A. L. & Gogate, P. R. Intensification of depolymerization of polyacrylic acid solution using different approaches based on ultrasound and solar irradiation with intensification studies. Among the states, Amazonas, Rondnia, Roraima and Mato Grosso had the largest declines in e0 in both 2020 and 2021 (Fig. and S.K. US Patent 9,321,868 B2 (April 26, 2016). (September 20, 2016). Correspondence to You can alreadyfind all information and documentation needed at theFunding & Tenders Portal, includingthe call text and application forms. %PDF-1.7 Barberia, L. G. & Gmez, E. J. These are some examples of deteriorating health conditions that not only will generate a higher demand for healthcare services but also might affect future mortality patterns. The decline was larger for males, widening by 9.1% the femalemale gap in e0. (Carl Hanser Verlag 2012). Bauer, W., Jr. Acrylic acid and derivatives. Future Market Insights (FMI). To understand why esterification is so favored, we turned to small molecule model systems (Supplementary Information pgs S17S26). Barone, M. T. U. et al. and S.G. conducted the formal analysis. The complex viscosity again dropped several orders of magnitude over 24h, at which point no further changes were observed, again suggesting that most crosslinks have been hydrolyzed (Supplementary Fig. US Provisional Patent Application No. Google Scholar. Considering this factor, the optimized conditions involved sonicating a 2.5% w/v solution for 1min to give an Mw ~360kg/mol, and a 5.0% w/v solution for 2min to give a Mw of ~330kg/mol37. Esterification of polyacrylic acid using alkyl halides under basic conditions had already been reported38. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. JAMA 324, 13911392 (2020). The G at each frequency describes an adhesives ability to dissipate energy. Santos, M. C. et al. life-2021-sap-nat nature #life 2021 sap env gov #life-2021-sap-nat nature #life 2021 ta pp env sip #Life Call #life programme 2021 #LIFE Program #call for proposals climate change 2021 #life 2021 strat two stage Process for Producing Acrylic Acid. )fdg{ca8L[2!/5\r>yGFB]Jd0EH|-v6fmxtlv^{@-0x@oOXLx1)&f@4M6"S6,+I"zvM7AC ~z:Wy{wF3JkGZpd\ _] 7N8cPi} Rahimi, A. M.C.C. Second, in contrast to DT19 and DT20, the method based on the difference in life expectancy between 2019 and 2020 makes no assumption about independence of causes of death (that is, that the risks of dying from other causes are unaffected by the addition or elimination of COVID-19 mortality), an assumption that was almost certainly violated during the pandemic. Z. Soc. 4 0 obj 61, 25842587 (1939). CAS Article LIFE - Support for applicants (europa.eu) https://www.ssc.wisc.edu/cdha/latinmortality/wp-content/uploads/book_Ch2.pdf (2015). FaterSMART. Expected Impact : Applicants are expected to define, calculate, explain and achieve ambitious and credible impacts in terms of conservation benefit, ensuring at the same time long term sustainability and . Chem. The resulting polymers were isolated in ~97% yield (over the two steps). Tobing, S. D. & Klein, A. Molecular parameters and their relation to the adhesive performance of acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesives. 2). Second, we calculated cause-deleted life tables for 2020 (DT20), which examine the consequences of eliminating COVID-19 mortality from 2020 deaths44. Commercial polyacrylate-based PSAs are often accessed via petroleum-sourced monomers (Fig. Frequently Asked Questions Estimated change in e0 (c) and e65 (d) in 2021. . Percentage loss due to COVID-19 mortality relative to increases in female and male e0 (a) and e65 (b) between 2000 and 2020 by state.